Payfac vs gateway. In other words, ISOs function primarily as middlemen (offering payment processing), while PayFacs are payment facilitation. Payfac vs gateway

 
 In other words, ISOs function primarily as middlemen (offering payment processing), while PayFacs are payment facilitationPayfac vs gateway  Operating on a platform that acts as a payfac means that there’s no need to work with an acquiring bank, payment gateway, and other service providers

Payfac and payfac-as-a-service are related but distinct concepts. The former, conversely only uses its own merchant ID to. If your platform needs to operate internationally and support sub-merchants in other regions, partnerships with local acquirers, gateways, and other service providers may be necessary. The value of all merchandise sold on a marketplace or platform. ISO. Aggregate processing means the funds from transactions are paid out to the PayFac first, who then distribute them to. Stripe provides a way for you to whitelabel and embed payments and financial services in your software. A payment facilitator (payfac) is a type of merchant services provider that simplifies the payment process for businesses. Just to clarify the PayFac vs. 1 billion for 2021. While both models allow businesses to accept payments, a payfac might provide additional services such as payment gateway integration, hardware for in-person payments, fraud protection, transaction reporting, and customer support. Here, ISOs (Independent Sales Organizations if on the Visa network), or MSPs (Member Service Providers if Mastercard) sell credit card processing services to merchants on behalf of an acquiring bank. At the very minimum, a new PayFac. Sub-merchants operating under a PayFac do not have their own MIDs, and all transactions are processed through the facilitator’s master merchant account. A PayFac is a processing service provider for ecommerce merchants. Renew payfac registration and licenses: Re-register as a payfac with card networks annually, and update or renew MTLs on the required cadence. A Payment Facilitator or Payfac is a service provider for merchants. 3. Global expansion. The merchants are signed up under the payment aggregator MID. Instead of each individual business needing to set up its own merchant account, a process that can be time-consuming, the payfac effectively “rents out” merchant account functionality under its. It also means that payment risk is moved from individual merchants to the PayFac, as they own the master merchant account. Gain a higher return on your investment with experts that guide a more productive payments program. 1. It also needs a connection to a platform to process its submerchants’ transactions. com. How White-Labeled Payment Facilitation-as-a-Service Solutions Help Ambitious ISOs Grow December 20, 2022. The second type is a more modern, technology-first payfac solution from a commerce provider like Stripe. Both PayFacs and ISO’s (independent sales organizations) act as intermediaries between merchants and payment processors . A payfac vs. Stripe was founded in 2010 by two Irish siblings: then 22-year-old Patrick Collison and younger brother John, 20, positioning itself as the builder of economic infrastructure for the internet — launching their payfac flagship product in 2011. Payfac and ISO models involve much more regulatory and compliance overhead than payfac-alternative models. Stripe, which is a tech-enabled evolution on the traditional payfac model, is a complete solution that combines the functionality of a merchant account and a gateway in one. They can apply and be approved and be processing in 15 minutes. Agree on Goals and Metrics. A PayFac sets up and maintains its own relationship with all entities in the payment process. A merchant of record (MoR) is the entity that is authorized, and held liable, by a financial institution to process a consumer’s credit and debit card transactions. The PayFac does not have to underwrite all merchants upfront — they are instead, underwriting the merchants essentially as they continue to process transactions for them on an ongoing basis. PayFac vs merchant of record vs master merchant vs sub-merchant. Payfacs are a type of aggregator merchant. Gateway Selection Tips for SaaS and PayFac Payment Platforms In order to provide. The main difference between these two technologies, the Payment Facilitator and the Payment Processor, is the difference in the organization of merchant accounts. Onboarding process responsible for moving the client’s money. What is a PayFac? Benefits & Reasons Why Businesses Need One in 2023. Most important among those differences, PayFacs don’t issue. Conclusion. Payment Facilitator. You own the payment experience and are responsible for building out your sub-merchant’s experience. It offers a secure pathway that requests and manages payment in order to take money from the customer and pass it into the merchant’s bank account. An ISO works as the Agent of the PSP. Global expansion. Payment service provider is a much broader term than payment gateway. Payments Path to payment facilitation: Are you ready for the journey? November 10, 2021 Payment facilitation helps you monetize credit card payments by. becoming a payfac. TSYS Developer Portal is your gateway to access the APIs, tools and resources you need to integrate with TSYS payment solutions. A Payment Facilitator, PayFac for short, is simply a sub-merchant account for a merchant service provider. The payment facilitator, or “PayFac”, model of merchant acquiring is growing extremely rapidly. In 2021, global payment facilitators processed over $500 billion in transactions – a 75% increase over the previous year. Non-card payments like ApplePay and GooglePay for both in store and online. But for this purpose, it needs to build a strong relationship with an acquirer that will underwrite it as a PayFac. The traditional method of bringing payments in-house involves integrating a payment gateway or processor into the platform, allowing for seamless transactions within the platform. In this guide, we’ll explore what a payment facilitator (often abbreviated as payfac or PF) is, examine the considerations and costs of different types of payfac solutions, and identify. Here are the best alternatives to Stripe from providers like Square, Helcim, and Treati. You see. Find a payment facilitator registered with Mastercard. With Stripe's payfac solution, unlock SaaS revenue, turn payments into a profit center, and offer new financial services through your software platform. This means businesses only need Stripe to accept payments and deposit funds into their business bank account. This crucial element underwrites and onboards all sub-merchants. One classic example of a payment facilitator is Square. Your provider should be able to recommend realistic metrics and targets. 10 to $0. In order to provide a plausible explanation, we need to understand the evolution of the merchant services industry. PayFac’s sub-merchants can use this software to monitor their clients’ transactions and prevent chargeback fraud and other scams. Typically a payfac offers a broader suite of services compared to a payment aggregator. Here are the best crypto payment gateway providers, including Coinbase Commerce, BitPay, and CoinGate. A Payment Facilitator, or PayFac, is a sub-merchant account used by merchant service providers to provide payment processing services to their own clients, known as sub-merchants. Issues with connection can be caused by DNS problems, server failure, Firewall rules blocking specific port, or some other. Whatever your industry, scale or ambition, we’ll help you configure the ideal solution for you. 2. This means that businesses only need Stripe to accept payments and deposit funds into their business bank account. Think debit, credit, EFT, or new payment technologies like Apple Pay. No setup fee. Who Gets Involved in the PayFac Scene? There are five main elements which compose the payment facilitator landscape. Both offer ways for businesses to bring payments in-house, but the similarities. You own the payment experience and are responsible for building out your sub-merchant’s experience. While both models allow businesses to accept payments, a payfac might provide additional services such as payment gateway integration, hardware for in-person payments, fraud protection, transaction reporting and customer support. . Modern PayFacs find it more profitable to integrate with just one processor/gateway and provide merchant processing services (onboarding, chargeback handling, reconciliation,. One of the most significant differences between Payfacs and ISOs is the flow of funds. The issuing bank answers to the authorisation request which it may ‘approve’ or ‘deny’. These companies include owners of SaaS platforms, franchisors, ISO, marketplaces, and venture capital firms. Payment Gateway: A payment gateway is technology used to accept integrated payments. The payment gateway. Bank/ credit or debit company. What is a payment facilitator (payfac)? A payment facilitator (payfac) is a type of merchant services provider that simplifies the payment process for businesses. As a PayFac, Segpay handles the sub-merchant onboarding and provides a fully managed payment processing solution. It runs about 40 minutes (really shooting to be less than 30) and we discuss the differences in payfac vs ISO and where payfac is heading. Chances are, you won’t be starting with a blank slate. The terms agent, gateway, service provider, third party processor are all various terms for third party agents. The difference is that a payment processor can provide a single gateway for multiple payment methods. Global reach. A Payment Facilitator [Payfac] is essentially a Master Merchant that processes credit and debit card transactions for sub-merchants within their payment. Posted at 5:43 pm in Operations, Payment Processing. Stripe benefits vs. The full-function platform has been designed to deliver Acquirers with a comprehensive Third Party Payment Facilitator programme,. Essentially, a payfac is a company that allows its customers to accept electronic payments using their platform. PayFacs are often more suitable for SMEs seeking a quick and straightforward setup. This means businesses only need Stripe to accept payments and deposit funds into their business bank account. With a. Payfac-as-a-service vs. Using payment facilitation, customers can be onboarded and verified quickly, with a faster underwriting process. The PayFac manages regulatory compliance, merchant onboarding, funding to bank accounts, and more on behalf of sub-merchants. Global expansion. Some Final Considerations: You will also need to find out about the third-party integration options, SDKs, and API functionality of the payment gateway. Fortis manages everything for you – underwriting, fraud monitoring, funding, gateway reporting, and chargeback management. This is a clear indicator that fraud monitoring should be a priority in 2022 and beyond, and why it’s vital to work with a PayFac like. Instead of each individual business needing to set up its own merchant account, a process that can be time-consuming, the payfac effectively “rents out” merchant account functionality under its. When you enter this partnership, you’ll be building out. Generate your own physical or virtual payment cards to send funds instantly and manage spending. Without a. NerdWallet rating. Payfac: What’s the difference? Independent Sales Organization (ISO) is a third-party entity that partners with payment processors or acquiring banks to facilitate merchant services. Online Payment System Software and Global Payment Processor - UniPay Gateway. A payment processoris a company that handles card transactions for a merchant, acting. The merchant obtains a gateway system, its supplementary APIs and the various forms of payment as a bundle and only has to sign one contract. The PayFac model has gained popularity in recent years, as it allows businesses to simplify their payment processing and reduce costs, while also providing a better customer experience. Find the Right Online Payment Gateway. payment processor question, in case anyone is wondering. What is a payment facilitator (payfac)? A payment facilitator (payfac) is a type of merchant services provider that simplifies the payment process for businesses. If you are an existing Bambora customer who needs assistance there are our support guides that can be found here. Processors will act as a gateway setting their clients up with an individual merchant account while the merchant will still have a direct relationship with the acquiring bank. 7. Payfac as a Service is the newest entrant on the Payfac scene. White-label payfac services offer scalability to match the growth and expansion of your business. 3% leading. merchant accounts. It is when a business is set up as a primary merchant account and provides payment processing to its sub-merchants. However, they do not assume. Stripe benefits vs. 3. In essence, they become a sub-merchant, and they face fewer complexities when setting. These include SaaS providers, investment firms, franchise owners, online marketplaces, and others. PayFac-as-a-service delivers a competitive payment program with instant onboarding of merchants while creating a seamless customer experience. Stripe provides a way for you to whitelabel and embed payments and financial services in your software. The biggest advantage is you will get approved far quicker, and in some cases immediately. 9% + 30¢. The ISO acts as an intermediary between the merchant and the payment processor, taking care of merchant recruitment, sales, and. ISOs never directly touch a merchant’s money as the money will flow directly from the payment processor to the merchant’s merchant. Payfac and payfac-as-a-service are related but distinct concepts. Payment facilitator (payfac) A payment facilitator is an entity that is authorized to onboard merchants to an acquirer's platform and receive settlement funds for them on behalf of an acquirer. Its FACe gateway platform accelerates time to market for new payfacs. Renew payfac registration and licenses: Re-register as a payfac with card networks annually, and update or renew MTLs on the required cadence. Renew payfac registration and licenses: Re-register as a payfac with card networks annually, and update or renew MTLs on the required cadence. 1. Generally speaking, a PayFac might be suitable for bigger businesses that need to process a large volume of transactions, and an ISO might be more suitable for smaller businesses. Discover Adyen issuing. Amazon Pay. Payfac-as-a-service vs. The PSP in return offers commissions to the ISO. That allows you to get certified by the respective gateway or. Payment gateway Payfacs provide a payment gateway, a software that acts as an intermediary between a business’s website and the payment processor. Payrix enables vertical SaaS companies to: Unlock greater revenue by monetizing your payments; Create better UX through payments with our white labeled, powerful platformPayment gateway. 01274 649 893. Basically, a payment gateway is simply an online POS terminal. Article September, 2023. 🌐 Simplifying Payments: PayFac vs. Firstly, a payment aggregator is a financial organization that offers. +2. PayFac vs ISO. Stripe benefits vs merchant accounts. It offers a system capable of processing payments, providing multiple means for completing a transaction, such as credit cards, debit, e-wallets, instant transfers, bank transfers, and cash in one. We could go and build a payment gateway, but there would be a. Global expansion. Typically a payfac offers a broader suite of services compared to a payment aggregator. The arrangement made life easier for merchants, acquirers, and PayFacs alike. Payfac-as-a-service vs. Stripe provides a way for you to whitelabel and embed payments and financial services in your software. Wide range of functions. Payment facilitation – PayFac – has helped many business ease the transition to a world dominated by digital payments. UK domestic. In essence, PFs serve as an intermediary, gathering. 650 Pre-Registered Entrants. Here are the main considerations when deciding between a PayFac and an ISO: Onboarding - the ISO onboarding process is usually. Thanks to its flexibility and profitability, PayFac model seems to perfectly adjust to the present-day market requirements. New PayFacs will. The core of their business is selling merchants payment services on behalf of payment processors. A payment processor is a company that works with a merchant to facilitate transactions. The second type is a more modern, technology-first payfac solution from a commerce provider like Stripe. PayFac – Square or Paypal;. The TPA categories are listed in the table below. Payfac and payfac-as-a-service are related but distinct concepts. Payfacs work by having a master merchant account (and a master MID) through its relationship with acquiring banks. In other words, ISOs function primarily as middlemen (offering payment processing), while. Create sandbox. Like a phone plan, Stax offers add ons to their base plans, like same day funding and custom branding for invoices-but. . This includes underwriting, level 1 PCI compliance requirements,. No-Cost Merchant Services: Your Gateway to Success with Visa CBPS and PayFac. You own the payment experience and are responsible for building out your sub-merchant’s experience. Acquirer = a payments company that. The payment facilitators themselves: which are companies providing the necessary infrastructure and allows their sub-merchants to accept payments via credit card. While both models allow businesses to accept payments, a payfac might provide additional services such as payment gateway integration, hardware for in-person payments, fraud protection, transaction reporting, and customer support. Global expansion. A merchant can simply partner with a large provider and get all the gateway features it needs within a standardized offering. Connection timeout usually occurs within 5 seconds. 11 + 4%. In its role as a payment processor, Stripe provides the backbone that allows businesses to accept and manage online payments, managing the exchange of information and funds between the customer, the business, and their respective banks. A payment processor is the service responsible for communicating between the merchant, credit card company and banks. These plans are on top of what you'll pay for Stax Pay. Authorize. So, the acquiring bank is in charge of the PayFac customers’ transaction processing. Payment gateway Payfacs provide a payment gateway, a software that acts as an intermediary between a business’s website and the payment processor. One key difference between payment facilitators and aggregators is the size of businesses or merchants they work with. + 0. The payment facilitator model was created by the card networks (i. A payment processor serves as the technical arm of a merchant acquirer. The PayFac then redistributes funds to its sub-merchants, and handles any future refunds or chargebacks. a merchant to a bank, a PayFac owns the full client experience. When you want to accept payments online, you will need a merchant account from a Payfac. It manages the transfer of funds so you get paid for your sale. To ensure high security and performance levels, providers may make their own recommendations but can also honor existing gateway and processor relationships. Gateway providers typically charge setup fees to generate a new gateway account and these fees usually range from $5-$25/Merchant and are a one time upfront fee per new merchant account setup on the gateway. Difference #1: Merchant Accounts. EVO was founded in the U. If you're using a direct provider, your customers can. Simultaneously, Stripe also fits the broad. Stripe, a tech-enabled evolution on the traditional payfac model, offers a complete solution that combines the functionality of a merchant account and a gateway all in one. Owners of many software platforms face the need to embed. 0 vs. A payment aggregator is a 3rd-party payment service provider (PSP) that allows merchants to process payments without having a merchant account. S. As a PayFac, Segpay handles the sub-merchant onboarding and provides a fully managed payment processing solution. You essentially become a master merchant and board your client’s as sub merchants. PayFac-as-a-Service (PFAAS) combines easy-to-integrate payment technology, full-service offerings, and transparent pricing to deliver Independent Software Vendors a simple way to harness the full power of payment facilitation – minus. The Payfac Solution Provider (PSP) handles all of the underwritings, setting up of accounts, development of integrations with processors, connections with gateway partners (if applicable), the. If your platform needs to operate internationally and support sub-merchants in other regions, partnerships with local acquirers, gateways, and other service providers may be necessary. That said, the PayFac is. While both models allow businesses to accept payments, a payfac might provide additional services such as payment gateway integration, hardware for in-person payments, fraud protection, transaction reporting, and customer support. Payment Facilitator (PFAC, PayFac, PF): A merchant service provider who can facilitate transactions and simplify the merchant account enrollment process on behalf of the sub-merchant. 2CheckOut (now Verifone) 7. Global expansion. In this article we are going to explain why payment facilitator model is becoming so popular (attracting more and more entities) while ISO model is gradually dying out, vacating the space for new payment facilitators. FinTech innovators love the payment facilitator (PayFac), a shift that WePay co-founder Rich Aberman outlined in Episode 1 of the Payment Facilitators series with Karen Webster, CEO of PYMNTS. Payroc’s Integrated Payments Platform allows us to provide our customers with a set of solutions like Next Day Funding, which means our customers receive their funds faster. 20 (Processing fee: $0. Cardknox is the leading, developer-friendly payment gateway integration provider for in-store, online, or mobile transactions – hassle-free. A payment facilitator (payfac) is a type of merchant services provider that simplifies the payment process for businesses. Cards. What’s the distinction between Payfac and PSP? A payment Facilitator is a third-party payment service provider (PSP). Payfac solutions can be a critical source of revenue generation, allowing ISVs to differentiate their product and service offerings in a crowded space. Further, by integrating payments functionality into a software. S. At Revision Legal, we protect businesses that thrive online, and understand the connections between law, technology, and business. Payment gateway Payfacs provide a payment gateway, a software that acts as an intermediary between a business’s website and the payment processor. Global expansion. If you want to offer payments or payments-related. Besides that, a PayFac also takes an active part in the merchant lifecycle. Those sub-merchants then no longer. When you connect with BlueSnap’s Global Payment Orchestration Platform, we provide you with the merchant account. In short, Payment Facilitation is an operating model that affects the acquiring side of the payment ecosystem. Stripe, which is a tech-enabled evolution on the traditional payfac model, is a complete solution that combines the functionality of a merchant account and a gateway in one. Traditional payment facilitator (payfac) model of embedded payments. Payfacs provide a payment gateway, a software that acts as an intermediary between a business’s website and the payment processor. The Job of ISO is to get merchants connected to the PSP. This means that businesses only need Stripe to accept payments and deposit funds into their business bank account. A Payfac provides PSP merchant accounts. In the ever-evolving landscape of the payment processing industry, businesses grapple with challenges that often feel like uncharted territory. A payfac is a platform that intermediates payments between consumers, payment operators (card operators, banks, PSPs, etc. For example, by shifting from the ISO model to become a payfac, Lightspeed expects to see a 2. What is a payment facilitator? A payment facilitator, also known as a “payfac” or payment aggregator, is a payment model that has grown tremendously over the past few years. Both offer ways for businesses to bring payments in-house, but the similarities. Payfac-as-a-service vs. If the intermediary entity, which funds the sub-merchants, uses different MID for each merchant, it is called a payment facilitator. He drives the strategic direction of the company and supports. Global expansion. 27. Becoming a PayFac With NMI. a merchant to a bank, a PayFac owns the full client experience. Additionally, the overall integration was a seamless process, which made it easier for us to continue focusing on our product and customers. Your application must include: the application form relevant to your type of firm. PayFac has its own secure gateway, and it provides easy integration with major e-commerce shopping carts. 6. With UniPay Platform you have the options of an affordable white label payment gateway solution, a full on-premise software. ,the leading company in the payment processing service industry (3769: Tokyo Stock Exchange Prime Market),releases. Firstly, a payment aggregator is a financial organization that offers. Intro: Business Solution Upgrading Challenges; Payment System Integration; Migrating from One Processor to Another;Starting from only £19 p/m our flexible pricing plans can be fully tailored to suit your business needs. Under the payment facilitators, the merchants are provided with PayFac’s MID. UniPay Gateway is the leading Omnichannel payment processing and management solution for PayFacs, Saas and equity firms operating worldwide. New Zealand - 0508 477 477. Third-party payment providers If you're not using Shopify Payments and you want to accept credit cards, you can choose from over 100 credit card payment providers for your Shopify store. Clients or sub-merchants skip the traditional merchant account application process, thus enabling. And this is, probably, the main difference between an ISV and a PayFac. Small/Medium. Major PayFac’s include PayPal and Square. See Creating a Batch Request . You own the payment experience and are responsible for building out your sub-merchant’s experience. Popular 3rd-party merchant aggregators include: PayPal. North America’s leading healthcare organizations, revenue cycle management and accounts receivables management companies trust RevSpring to maximize their financial results. ISOs mostly resell merchant accounts, issued by multiple acquiring banks. Benefit from fault-tolerant, scalable services plus rapid, safe, data-driven product enhancements on a. These methods can simplify payment as well as minimize fraud and mistakes for both businesses and consumers. Full visibility into your merchants' payments experience. 40% in card volume globally. A PayFac (payment facilitator) has a single account with. Demystifying payment provider terms: Partnering with a PayFac vs PayFac-as-a-service You might have heard the terms PayFac partnership, managed payment facilitation, managed payment solution, outsourcing to a PayFac, PayFac-as-a-service (PFaaS), PayFac-in-a-box, or PayFac-as-a-whatever—but when it comes down to it, all of these terms mean. Typically a payfac offers a broader suite of services compared to a payment aggregator. Payment facilitator’s role is to handle merchant lifecycle-related functions (from underwriting and onboarding to funding and chargeback handling) instead of the acquirer. The best Stripe competitors combine transparency, low processing fees, and excellent support for eCommerce. Why PayFac model increases the company’s valuation in the eyes of investors. Through educational initiatives, financial institutions can help accountholders protect themselves. One of the reasons for this phenomenon is that many companies (including former independent sales organizations (ISO)) find it more profitable to combine the functions of an online gateway provider and a merchant service provider (MSP). We will createnew value centered on payment. While both models allow businesses to accept payments, a payfac might. The majority of our customers use credit, debit, or prepaid cards to pay for their services. PayFacs provide a similar service to standard merchant accounts, but with a few important differences. PayFac as a Force MultiplierWhat is a payment facilitator (payfac)? A payment facilitator (payfac) is a type of merchant services provider that simplifies the payment process for businesses. The rate. Visa Checkout + PayPal. A payment facilitator, also known as a PayFac, is a sub-merchant account for a merchant service provider. Both offer ways for businesses to bring payments in-house, but the similarities. If your platform needs to operate internationally and support sub-merchants in other regions, partnerships with local acquirers, gateways, and other service providers may be necessary. Put our half century of payment expertise to work for you. While both models allow businesses to accept payments, a payfac might provide additional services such as payment gateway integration, hardware for in-person payments, fraud protection, transaction reporting and customer support. The future of integrated payments, today. A payment facilitator, also known as a PayFac, is a sub-merchant account for a merchant service provider. This can include card payments, direct debit payments, and online payments. Let’s examine the key differences between payment gateways and payment aggregators below. Key Function ; Functional Descriptions . The best crypto payment gateways provide convenient interfaces for accepting multiple types of cryptocurrencies, flexible settlement options, and low fees. The second type is a more modern, technology-first payfac solution from a commerce provider like Stripe. In this hybrid payment facilitation model, the Payfac payment service provider becomes a Payfac with Sponsor Banks; they act as a master merchant account and are able to set up sub-accounts for merchants same-day. Payfac and payfac-as-a-service are related but distinct concepts. io. Indeed, some prefer to focus on online payment gateway fees comparison. Stripe benefits vs. Our restaurant PayFac and gateway offer all of the features you need to ensure your payments are secure and on time. The PayFac would also need to hire a FTE to take exceptions and review these exceptions for risk. ,), a PayFac must create an account with a sponsor bank. It is when a business is set up as a primary merchant account and provides payment processing to its sub-merchants. or scroll to see more. e. What ISOs Do. PINs may now be entered directly on the glass screen of a smartphone using this new technology. This sounds complicated, but at the most basic level, a payments facilitator is a way of outsourcing part of your business to an intermediary contractor. Evolve Support. Access Worldpay uses cloud-based, RESTful JSON APIs for simple integration of online payments. Managed PayFac or Managed Payment Facilitation – The 2023 Guide. However, businesses of all sizes can gain profit from UniPay PayFac Model, as it provides a mere and efficient way to accept payments. Before you go to market as a PayFac, it is a good idea to set a goal to define success. Generally, ISOs are better suited to larger businesses with high transaction volumes. Acquiring banks willingly delegated them to payment facilitators in exchange for part of liabilities and residual revenues. Let’s examine the key differences between payment gateways and payment aggregators below. These terms are often used interchangeably, but while they’re interconnected, they can’t be used to describe the same thing. 2.